2015年1月16日金曜日

CHINA OFFERS TO “SPLIT THE PACIFIC OCEAN” WITH THE USA　

※日本語の記事は下の方にあります。

　

　

"Division rejected" - Washington Times

August 17, 2007

The senior Air Force commander in the Pacific this week threw cold water on a Chinese military proposal to divide up the Pacific Ocean into U.S. and Chinese spheres of influence.

Gen. Paul V. Hester was asked about China’s recent plan to give the United States control of the eastern Pacific region, while China would control the western Pacific.

“Our policy is not to cede space to anyone,” Gen. Hester said in a telephone press conference from Hawaii.

He said the United States “needs to be” in the western Pacific, “as opposed to running through a proxy, if you will, by ceding a certain part of territory and asking them to take care of it for us.”

The proposal was made to Adm. Tim Keating, the overall commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific, during a recent visit to China.

"Inside the Ring" - Washington Times
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/aug/17/inside-the-ring-11086842/

Another source :

The Indian Express

http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/china-proposed-division-of-pacific-indian-ocean-regions-we-declined-us-admiral/459851/

CHINA HAS THROWN DOWN A GAUNTLET TO AMERICA

"Beijing has turned control of the air space around the Senkaku Islands into a test of the US" - Financial Times

November 28, 2013

http://www.voanews.com/content/south-korea-declares-new-air-defense-zone-overlapping-chinas/1805980.html

When Xi Jinping met Barack Obama in California this year, the Chinese president told his US counterpart the Pacific Ocean was large enough to accommodate two great powers. The inference was that the US and China should divide the spoils. Also implicit in the remark, though, was that China would not accept a status quo that saw the US remain the Pacific’s pre-eminent power. At the summit, Mr Obama sidestepped the issue. Now it seems Mr Xi has decided it is time for China to start grabbing its share.

http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/569ac0a8-5764-11e3-b615-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2y9lNwptj

Other sources

Xi Shows Obama His No-Nonsense Approach to U.S. Relations (Bloomberg)

Remarks by President Obama and President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China Before Bilateral Meeting (whitehouse.gov)

vide :

China Opens Southeast-Coast Air Routes in Snub of Taiwan

(Bloomberg Jan 14, 2015)

Taiwan slams China flight routes plan
Agence France-Presse, Taipei | World | Tue, January 13 2015

Taiwan slammed a unilateral move by China to open four new flight routes over the Taiwan Strait as "unacceptable" Tuesday, saying it risked allowing planes to fly too close to aircraft on existing routes.

China on Monday announced it would start flying four new routes from coastal Zhejiang province and the cities of Fuzhou and Xiamen in Fujian province over the Taiwan Strait.

Agence France-Presse, Taipei | World | Tue, January 13 2015 - See more at: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/13/taiwan-slams-china-flight-routes-plan.html#sthash.DjCSw718.dpuf

Taiwan slams China flight
routes plan

Taiwan slammed a unilateral move by China to open four new flight routes over the Taiwan Strait as "unacceptable" Tuesday, saying it risked allowing planes to fly too close to aircraft on existing routes.
China on Monday announced it would start flying four new routes from coastal Zhejiang province and the cities of Fuzhou and Xiamen in Fujian province over the Taiwan Strait.
- See more at: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/13/taiwan-slams-china-flight-routes-plan.html#sthash.DjCSw718.dpuf

"They unilaterally announced the new routes before reaching an agreement with us," Taiwan's Civil Aeronautics Administration said in a statement.

"The measures are unacceptable to us. We demand the mainland side continue consulting with us", it said, adding that the move breached the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

Sources said the Chinese authorities hope to use the routes to ease congestion on existing paths caused by the growing volume of air traffic.

But Taiwan said the routes represented a potential air defense threat, with M503's proposed path very close to skies in the Strait administered by Taiwan.

"The military will monitor, intercept and disperse [unidentified aircraft and ships] according to the established measures so as to safeguard the security of territory", Taiwan's defense ministry said in a statement.

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/13/taiwan-slams-china-flight-routes-plan.html

In November 2013, China declared an air defense identification zone over a large part of the East China Sea amid a territorial dispute with Japan. More recently, two Chinese military airplanes in August entered Taiwan air space after another Chinese fighter performed a barrel roll over a U.S. Navy surveillance aircraft near China’s Hainan island.

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/china-opens-southeast-air-routes-that-triggered-taiwan-s-protest.html

2014年8月12日火曜日

East Turkestan 東トルキスタン

The Other Tibet

Uygurs

National Geographic December 2009 (summery)

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
もうひとつのチベット

2009年12月号中国の火薬庫ウイグル　抄出

Xinjiang sits in the middle of Asia, encircled by some of Earth's highest mountains, as though a drawstring had cinched the top of the world like a coin purse. Passes through those snowy mountains funneled ancient traders and travelers along paths that became the renowned Silk Road.

The territory became the fulcrum on which Asia and Europe balanced. Turkic raiders and later Genghis Khan, Buddhists and then Muslims, traders and tribesmen, missionaries and monks—all passed through this hemispheric crossroads, and each group left something of itself. Xinjiang's history is also written in the faces of its people: dark faces with oval eyes. Also fair faces with narrow, jet eyes. And sometimes blue eyes with blond hair.

As the Silk Road began to fray and trade took to the seas, both East and West lost interest in the Uygurs and their mountain fastness.

　地球でいちばん高い山々に囲まれた新疆(しんきょう)は、アジアの中心に位置する。古代から商人や旅人が、雪におおわれた峠の細道を通って東西を往来した。その道はやがてシルクロードとなる。

　新疆はアジアとヨーロッパにとってきわめて重要な場所になった。トルコの侵略者やチンギス・ハーンの軍勢、仏教徒やイスラム教徒、貿易商人や部族民、宣教師、僧侶―多くの人たちが新疆という高地を通り、足跡を残して去っていった。新疆の歴史は、ここに暮らす人びとの顔が如実に物語っている。浅黒い肌に大きな目の者もいれば、白い肌で目が細く、瞳が黒い者もいる。ブロンドの髪に青い瞳の持ち主さえいるのだ。

　だが、海上貿易の隆盛とともにシルクロードがさびれると、高地の過酷な環境に耐えて生きるたくましいウイグル族への関心は失われた。

Ürümqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

　 ウルムチ、新疆ウイグル自治区首府

Realizing that, if nothing else, its big, empty territory provided a buffer against foreign influence, Mao's China instituted a program called the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps—combining farm, military garrison, and prison—in which settlers from other Chinese provinces would work the soil and watch the borders. The first arrivals, in 1954, included more than 100,000 demobilized soldiers.

Meanwhile the Chinese were discovering that Xinjiang offered far more than just a border cushion: It held something vital to their very survival as a nation. Xinjiang contains about 40 percent of China's coal reserves and more than a fifth of its natural gas. Most important, it has nearly a fifth of the nation's proven oil reserves, although Beijing claims it holds as much as a third. Never mind the massive deposits of gold, salt, and other minerals.

The big business in Xinjiang is oil, but all that oil is controlled from Beijing by state-owned energy companies. Many of the good jobs in Xinjiang are government jobs, and employees can advance more readily if they join the Communist Party, which requires renouncing their religion. And most Uygurs won't do that. The result is an ironic and combustible symmetry: As Han settlers pour in, Uygurs, unable to find work in their fantastically wealthy and spacious homeland, migrate east to work in privately owned factories in crowded coastal cities.

中国発展のカギを握る資源地帯

　ここは広いだけで何もない地域だが、少なくとも外国の圧力に対する緩衝地帯にはなる―そう考えた中国政府は新疆生産建設兵団を組織し、各地から人を集めて移住させて開墾と辺境防衛にあたらせた。1954年に兵士10万人以上を含む最初の入植者がやってきた。

　やがて、新疆はただの国境の緩衝地帯ではなく、実は国家発展のカギを握っていることが分かってきた。中国国内の石炭埋蔵量の約40％、天然ガスの20％以上がこの一帯にあることが判明したのだ。さらに重要なのは、確定石油埋蔵量の20％近く（政府は30％と主張している）が新疆ウイグル自治区に埋まっているという事実だ。むろん金や塩などの鉱物資源も豊富である。

　新疆ウイグル自治区の主要産業は石油化学で、北京に拠点を持つ国営エネルギー企業にすべてを牛耳られている。公務員も待遇が良いが、共産党員でないと出世は遅くなる。ただ共産党に入党するには宗教を捨てなくてはならず、ムスリムであるウイグル族の多くはそれを拒んでいる。その結果、資源が豊かで広々とした土地を故郷に持ちながら、ウイグル族は大量に入ってくる漢族に押されて職を見つけることができず、しかたなく沿岸地帯の民間工場に出稼ぎに行くのだ。

Demolition erases another block of Kashgar's Old City, center of Uygur life in the historic oasis town. Claiming that the long-standing mud-brick structures are unsafe, officials clear space for high-rises.

　『カシュガルはウイグルの暮らしの中心となってきた、歴史のあるオアシスの街。古い泥レンガの建物は危険だという理由を盾に、当局は高層ビル敷地作りに余念がない』

In 1947, during the second incarnation of Uygur independence, about 220,000 Han Chinese made up 5 percent of Xinjiang's population. Uygurs numbered about three million, or 75 percent, the remainder being a mix of Central Asian ethnicities. By 2007 the Uygur population had increased to 9.6 million. But the Han population had swelled to 8.2 million.

In the past few decades local resistance has flared up around Xinjiang, fluctuating in scale and violence. During the 1980s Uygur students protested treatment by police in a handful of incidents; in 1990 a disturbance south of Kashgar against birth limits ended in perhaps four dozen deaths. In 1997 hundreds of people in a city called Gulja marched to protest repression of Islamic practices and were arrested; the number of casualties is unknown. Other examples abound, including bus bombings and assassinations.

The heart of Uygur tradition is the ancient capital of Kashgar. Today its Old City looks much as it must have when Marco Polo spied it after descending through the mountain pass—a warren of passageways and ancient mud-brick homes that resemble a jumble of oversize children's blocks. Early this year the Chinese government undertook a bold step: They began systematically bulldozing the Old City block by block and moving the inhabitants into a new compound on the edge of town.

(-) the Uygurs twice declared their own independent country. The second attempt at self-determination, in 1944, lasted five years, until the rise of Mao and the Chinese Communist Party, which sent in military forces and later established a nuclear testing ground, Lop Nur, in Xinjiang to eliminate any confusion.

もうひとつの少数民族問題

　ウイグル独立運動が再燃した1947年当時、新疆ウイグル自治区の人口に占める漢族は22万人、割合にして5％に過ぎなかった。いっぽうウイグル族は75％の300万人で、残りは中央アジアの少数部族だった。そして2007年、ウイグル族の人口は960万人に増えたが、漢族も820万人とそれに迫る勢いだ。

　新疆ウイグル自治区では、数十年前から反体制の動きが活発になった。1980年代には、警察の対応に怒った学生たちが抗議行動を展開し、1990年にはカシュガル南部で産児制限に反発した暴動で、50人近くが死亡したという。バス爆破や暗殺といった事件も後を絶たない。

　ウイグル族の歴史と伝統のよりどころが古都カシュガルだ。旧市街のたたずまいは、かつてマルコ・ポーロが峠を越えてたどりついたころとさほど変わっていない。2009年初め、中国政府は驚くべき行動に出た。カシュガル旧市街をブルドーザーでいっせいに破壊し、住民を町はずれの新しい団地に追いやったのだ。

　これまでウイグル族は2度独立を宣言している。1944年に樹立した2度目の独自国家は5年間続いたが、急速に勢いを増した毛沢東と中国共産党に軍勢を送りこまれてあっけなく崩壊した。中国政府はこの地域の支配を誇示するため、ロプ・ノール周辺を核兵器の実験場にしてしまった。

ロプノール・・・タリム盆地にあるタクラマカン沙漠の東部にかつてあった湖。

　　　　　　　　　移動する『さまよえる湖』として知られている。

参照　１．『DEATH ON THE SILK ROAD　死のシルクロード』　ＢＢＣ　１９９８（動画）

　　　　２．『東トルキスタンで行われた核実験について』　日本ウイグル協会

　　　　３．『中国の核実験と周辺住民の被曝』京都大学基礎物理学研究所ＹＴＩＰ　素粒子論研究・電子版 2010年

As America and much of the West launched the "war on terror," China recognized the momentum of global public opinion and chose a new tack. The shift happened so fast it came with an almost audible crack. On October 11 a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry described China as "a victim of international terrorism." Then the government issued a report on unrest in Xinjiang blaming none other than Osama bin Laden. "It's an effective strategy," says James Millward, a professor at Georgetown University and an expert on Xinjiang, "because in America we see Muslims somewhere who are unhappy and maybe even violent, and we assume it's because of religious reasons."

In August 2002 Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage traveled to Beijing to discuss, among other issues, America's upcoming mission in Iraq. While there, he announced a reversal in the U.S. stance: A militant Uygur group called the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement would now be listed as a terrorist organization.

テロリストのレッテルを貼られる

　（米国で起きた9.11同時多発テロのあと）米国をはじめ西側諸国が「対テロ戦争」を始めたのを受けて、中国は国際世論を後ろ盾に政策を転換する。2001年10月11日、中国外務省のスポークスマンは中国が「国際テロリズムの犠牲者」だと主張し、続いて政府は、新疆の情勢不安はイスラム過激派のアルカイダを率いるオサマ・ビン・ラディンのせいだと非難する報告書を発表した。

　「イスラム教徒が遠いどこかで宗教的な不満を募らせ、ときに暴力に訴える連中だというイメージを、米国に植えつけることに成功した。」(James Millward)

　2002年8月には、当時のアーミテージ国務副長官が北京を訪問している。間近に迫ったイラク侵攻について議論することが目的だったが、ここで米国政府の方針変更が明らかになる。ウイグル族の活動組織「東トルキスタン・イスラム運動」をテロリスト集団に認定したのである。

　※東トルキスタン・イスラム運動（Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement、略称ETIM)

In June of this year, a disgruntled worker at a toy factory in Shaoguan, near Hong Kong, reportedly claimed that Uygurs had raped two women. A melee followed. The violence lasted several hours and left scores injured. Angry Han workers in the factory's dormitory beat to death two Uygur co-workers.

This spark lit a fire 2,000 miles away, in Xinjiang. On July 5 thousands of Uygurs—the numbers reported varied widely—took to Urumqi's streets to protest the treatment of the Uygur workers. The authorities were caught off guard.

When security forces arrived, something happened—exactly what is unclear. Each side says the other struck first, but at some point the authorities tried to quell the crowd, which apparently devolved into a mob attacking Han on the street. Two days later a group of Han—apparently numbering in the thousands—took to the street with meat cleavers and clubs and knives. They in turn attacked Uygurs.

see: (The Real Story of the Uighur Riots - WALL STREET JOURNAL)

ウイグル族と漢族との衝突

　2009年6月、香港に近い広東省の工業都市である韶関(シャオグァン)の玩具工場で、ウイグル族が女性2人を強姦したといううわさが流れた。それをきっかけに漢族とウイグル族の従業員のあいだで激しい衝突が起こり、ウイグル族従業員2人が殴り殺されたほか、多数の負傷者が出た。

　この衝突が3200キロ離れた新疆にも飛び火した。7月には5000人（数字は諸説ある）がウイグル族労働者の不当な処遇に抗議してウルムチの通りをデモ行進した。当局にとっては全くの不意打ちだった。

　だが治安部隊が到着したところで様相が一変する。どちらが先に手を出したのか、主張は真っ向から対立している。それでも最初のうちは、暴徒と化して漢族を攻撃するウイグル族を、治安部隊は鎮圧しようとした。それから2日後、数千人規模の漢族の集団が通りに出現する。彼らは手に手に肉切り包丁やこん棒、ナイフを持ってウイグル族に襲いかかった。

　※2009年ウイグル騒乱（2009年7月5日）

新華社通信によると死者192名でその大半が漢人。一方、亡命ウイグル人組織の世界ウイグル会議の発表では、中国当局や漢族の攻撃により殺されたウイグル人は最大3,000人（２００９年当時）。ウォールストリートジャーナルによれば東トルキスタン内のウイグル人を情報源として、警察の発砲と殴打により殺害されたウイグル人の数は４００人である。

Rebiya Kadeer and the Dalai Lama

　　　　　　ラビア・カーディル世界ウイグル会議議長。ダライ・ラマと

Rebiya Kadeer, the laundress turned mogul who had become beloved after she began to speak out against China's treatment of the Uygurs. In 1999, as an American delegation arrived in China to meet Kadeer, security officers arrested her. She spent the next six years in prison, then joined her exiled husband in the U.S. Her imprisonment only raised her status among her people, who regard her as the "mother of all Uygurs."

She's a grandmother, just over five feet tall, and she terrifies the Chinese authorities. Mentioning her name in Xinjiang brings swift and severe punishment.

After the July riots, trucks with loudspeakers circled the public squares of Urumqi, proclaiming that the unrest had been organized by Kadeer from her office in Washington, D.C. Chinese officials accused her in news reports around the globe and were said to be planning to tear down her trade centers.

But the Chinese government's recent efforts to demonize Rebiya Kadeer have lifted her into a representative role. "I keep advocating for my people, for the self-determination of Uygurs," she told me.

求められるウイグル族の象徴

　人口が爆発的に増えていた1980年代のウルムチで、ラビア・カーディルという一人の女性が、洗濯屋を発展させてデパートを開業、世界をまたにかける一大流通帝国を築きあげた。中国有数の大富豪の一人となったラビアは、ウイグル族の希望の星にもなった。
　
　中国でのウイグル族の境遇について積極的に発言するようになってから、ラビアには人びとの大きな期待が集まる。1999年、米議会の代表団が彼女に会うために中国入りした際に、公安当局はラビアを逮捕した。6年間を刑務所で過ごしたのち、米国に亡命する。夫もすでに米国に渡っていた。ラビアの投獄によって、ウイグル族はますます強く彼女を支持するようになった。

　身長150センチと背も低く、孫のいるような年齢の女性に、中国当局は戦々恐々としているのだ。新疆ウイグル自治区では、彼女の名前を口にすることさえご法度(はっと)だ。

　7月の暴動の後、ウルムチ市内の広場を街宣車がぐるぐる回って、この暴動はラビアが米国ワシントンから扇動したものだとがなりたてるようになった。中国政府高官がラビアを非難する発言は世界中のメディアに流れた。　

　しかし中国政府がラビア・カーディルを悪魔呼ばわりすることで、彼女はかえってウイグル族の象徴としての地位を固めつつある。「私はこれからもウイグルの同胞を擁護し、彼らの自決権を主張します」とラビアは力強く語る。

マシュー・ティーグ
National Geographic

Original post : "The Other Tibet" By Matthew Teague

XINJIANG MAP

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